From: Thiazolidinediones and the risk of asthma exacerbation among patients with diabetes: a cohort study
Patient characteristics | TZD n = 2,178 | Non-TZD n = 10,700 | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (mean/SD) | 64.0 (10.4) | 64.8 (11.1) | <0.01 |
Female (%) | 6.9 | 7.6 | 0.28 |
Race | |||
White (%) | 59.9 | 64.5 | <0.01 |
Nonwhite (%) | 21.0 | 18.7 | 0.01 |
Race unknown (%) | 19.1 | 16.8 | 0.01 |
VA Freecare (%) | 59.0 | 57.1 | 0.12 |
Distance to VA (mean/SD) | 24.8 (31.4) | 24.7 (30.0) | 0.93 |
Physician encounters (mean/SD) | 7.0 (5.7) | 6.6 (5.6) | 0.01 |
Prior exacerbations (mean/SD) | 0.8 (1.6) | 0.9 (1.7) | 0.04 |
Diabetes severity index (mean/SD) | 1.5 (1.6) | 1.2 (1.4) | <0.01 |
Diagnostic cost group (mean/SD) | 1.12 (0.7) | 1.07 (0.7) | 0.01 |
Comorbidities | |||
Atrial fibrillation (%) | 6.0 | 8.0 | 0.02 |
Congestive heart failure (%) | 6.0 | 7.5 | 0.01 |
Coronary artery disease (%) | 22.5 | 20.5 | 0.05 |
Drug or alcohol abuse (%) | 7.5 | 11.0 | <0.01 |
Depression (%) | 15.3 | 14.6 | 0.37 |
Medications | |||
Short acting β-agonist (mean/SD) | 5.6 (6.5) | 6.0 (6.6) | 0.01 |
Inhaled corticosteroid (%) | 47.0 | 51.7 | <0.01 |
Leukotriene modifier (%) | 28.5 | 25.9 | 0.01 |
Long acting β-agonist (%) | 38.0 | 40.5 | 0.03 |