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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in the TZD and non-TZD groups

From: Thiazolidinediones and the risk of asthma exacerbation among patients with diabetes: a cohort study

Patient characteristics

TZD n = 2,178

Non-TZD n = 10,700

p-value

Age (mean/SD)

64.0 (10.4)

64.8 (11.1)

<0.01

Female (%)

6.9

7.6

0.28

Race

   

White (%)

59.9

64.5

<0.01

Nonwhite (%)

21.0

18.7

0.01

Race unknown (%)

19.1

16.8

0.01

VA Freecare (%)

59.0

57.1

0.12

Distance to VA (mean/SD)

24.8 (31.4)

24.7 (30.0)

0.93

Physician encounters (mean/SD)

7.0 (5.7)

6.6 (5.6)

0.01

Prior exacerbations (mean/SD)

0.8 (1.6)

0.9 (1.7)

0.04

Diabetes severity index (mean/SD)

1.5 (1.6)

1.2 (1.4)

<0.01

Diagnostic cost group (mean/SD)

1.12 (0.7)

1.07 (0.7)

0.01

Comorbidities

   

Atrial fibrillation (%)

6.0

8.0

0.02

Congestive heart failure (%)

6.0

7.5

0.01

Coronary artery disease (%)

22.5

20.5

0.05

Drug or alcohol abuse (%)

7.5

11.0

<0.01

Depression (%)

15.3

14.6

0.37

Medications

   

Short acting β-agonist (mean/SD)

5.6 (6.5)

6.0 (6.6)

0.01

Inhaled corticosteroid (%)

47.0

51.7

<0.01

Leukotriene modifier (%)

28.5

25.9

0.01

Long acting β-agonist (%)

38.0

40.5

0.03