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Table 1 Immunomodulatory Concepts for Prevention of Allergen-Mediated T Helper 2 Immune Response

From: Primary Prevention of Allergic Diseases: Current Concepts and Mechanisms

No. in Figure 1

Principle

Target

Mechanism

Examples

1

Inhibition of Th2 cytokine synthesis

Transcription factors of Th2 cytokines

Inhibition of synthesis of transcription factors on the level of transcription

Imiquimod/resiquimod ODN decoys

   

Inhibition of synthesis of transcription factors on the level of translation

Antisense ODN siRNA

2

 

Protein kinases of signal transduction cascade

Inhibition of signal transduction cascade following activation of TCR and/or costimulatory receptor molecules

Inhibitors of ERK, MEK 1/2

   

Inhibition of signal transduction cascade on the way to synthesis of costimulatory receptor molecules

Inhibitors of ICOS-inducing protein kinases

3

Induction of Th1 immune response

Pattern recognition receptors on APCs

Activation of TLR-2

Mycobacterial antigens

   

Activation of TLR-9

CpG motifs

   

Activation of TLR-4

Lipopolysaccharides

   

?

Probiotics

4

Induction of tolerance-inducing Tregs

Transcription factors of regulatory cytokines?

Induction of Foxp3, TGF-β and IL-10

SIT

Parasites

  1. APC = antigen-presenting cell; CpG = cytosine guanine dinucleotide; ERK = extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase; Foxp3 = forkhead box protein 3; ICOS = inducible costimulator; IL = interleukin; ODN = oligonucleotide; siRNA = small interfering ribonucleic acid; SIT = allergen-specific immune therapy; TCR = T-cell receptor; TGF = transforming growth factor; Th = T helper; TLR = Toll-like receptor; Treg = regulatory T cell.