Table 1 Characteristics of the participants
Variables | Pre-delivery | Breast milk | All samples |
|---|---|---|---|
serum | n = 115 | N = 178 | |
n = 161 | n (%) | N (%) | |
n (%) | |||
Maternal race | |||
African American (AA) | 38 (25.5) | 20 (17.5) | 44 (26.5) |
Caucasian or Other | 111 (74.5) | 94 (82.5) | 122 (73.5) |
Maternal education | |||
Less than high school | 16 (10.8) | 9 (7.9) | 20 (12.1) |
Some college | 37 (24.8) | 25 (21.9) | 41 (24.7) |
College graduate | 48 (32.2) | 36 (31.6) | 52 (31.3) |
Graduate school | 48 (32.2) | 44 (38.6) | 53 (31.9) |
Mode of delivery | |||
Spontaneous vaginal delivery | 54 (40.3) | 47 (41.6) | 61 (40.7) |
After induction vaginal delivery | 49 (36.6) | 38 (33.6) | 56 (37.3) |
Cesarean section | 31 (23.1) | 28 (24.8) | 33 (22.0) |
Sex of the infant | |||
Male | 70 (50.4) | 55 (48.7) | 79 (50.9) |
Female | 69 (49.6) | 58 (51.3) | 76 (49.1) |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | |||
Non-smoker | 127 (94.8) | 105 (93.7) | 141 (94.6) |
Smoker | 7 (5.2) | 7 (6.3) | 8 (5.4) |
Maternal history of allergy | |||
Asthma | 42 (28.6) | 32 (28.1) | 45 (27.4) |
Rhinitis | 68 (46.3) | 60 (52.6) | 79 (48.2) |
Eczema | 13 (8.8) | 10 (8.8) | 15 (9.1) |
Season of child’s birth | |||
Fall | 32 (22.7) | 23 (20.4) | 34 (21.7) |
Spring | 32 (22.7) | 27 (23.9) | 34 (21.7) |
Summer | 30 (21.3) | 26 (23.0) | 37 (23.6) |
Winter | 47 (33.3) | 37 (32.7) | 52 (33.1) |
Gestational use of antibiotics | 29 (18.0) | 32 (27.8) | 34 (19.1) |
Vaginal infections/pelvic conditions during pregnancy* | |||
Yes | 60 (44.8) | 49 (43.4) | 67 (44.7) |
No | 74 (55.2) | 64 (56.6) | 83 (55.3) |
Mean (n; 5%, 95%) | |||
Maternal age during pregnancy | 29.2 | 30.9 | 29.2 |
(143; 19.4, 38.9) | (111; 21.7, 38.9) | (158; 19.4, 38.9) | |
Gestational age (weeks) | 39.0 | 39.0 | 39.0 |
(133; 36.0, 41.0) | (112; 36.0, 41.0) | (149; 36.0, 41.0) | |