Immune markers† | Immune markers in maternal serum before delivery | Immune markers in breast milk whey | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
RR* | p-value | RR* | p-value | |
Type-1/pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokine (pg/mL) | ||||
CXCL10 | ||||
4th quartile (high) | 2.30 | 0.01 | 1.31 | 0.46 |
3rd quartile | 1.57 | 0.13 | 0.43 | 0.03 |
2nd quartile | 0.96 | 0.90 | 0.68 | 0.28 |
Type-2/pro-allergic cytokines/chemokines (pg/mL) | ||||
IL-13 | ||||
4th quartile (high) | 3.02‡ | 0.004 | 4.18‡ | 0.001 |
3rd quartile | 2.20 | 0.03 | 1.12 | 0.13 |
2nd quartile | 1.10 | 0.78 | 1.91 | 0.83 |
IL-5 | ||||
4th quartile (high) | 4.34 | 0.001 | 2.24‡ | 0.01 |
3rd quartile | 1.85 | 0.18 | n/a | n/a |
2nd quartile | 2.27 | 0.05 | n/a | n/a |
T-regulatory/anti-inflammatory cytokine (pg/mL) | ||||
TGF-β1 | ||||
4th quartile (high) | 0.53 | 0.11 | 0.31‡ | 0.01 |
3rd quartile | 0.64 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.002 |
2nd quartile | 0.39 | 0.08 | 1.13 | 0.75 |
# Immunoglobulin A (mg/mL) | ||||
4th quartile (high) | 2.09 | 0.04 | 0.23‡ | 0.02 |
3rd quartile | n/a | n/a | 0.54 | 0.14 |
2nd quartile | n/a | n/a | 1.09 | 0.83 |