Table 4 Adjusted effects of immune markers in maternal serum and in whey on AS at ages 6 and 12 months

Type-1/pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokine (pg/mL)

CXCL10

4^th quartile (high)

2.30

0.01

1.31

0.46

3^rd quartile

1.57

0.13

0.43

0.03

2^nd quartile

0.96

0.90

0.68

0.28

Type-2/pro-allergic cytokines/chemokines (pg/mL)

IL-13

4^th quartile (high)

3.02^‡

0.004

4.18^‡

0.001

3^rd quartile

2.20

0.03

1.12

0.13

2^nd quartile

1.10

0.78

1.91

0.83

IL-5

4^th quartile (high)

4.34

0.001

2.24^‡

0.01

3^rd quartile

1.85

0.18

n/a

n/a

2^nd quartile

2.27

0.05

n/a

n/a

T-regulatory/anti-inflammatory cytokine (pg/mL)

TGF-β1

4^th quartile (high)

0.53

0.11

0.31^‡

0.01

3^rd quartile

0.64

0.31

0.26

0.002

2^nd quartile

0.39

0.08

1.13

0.75

^# Immunoglobulin A (mg/mL)

4^th quartile (high)

2.09

0.04

0.23^‡

0.02

3^rd quartile

n/a

n/a

0.54

0.14

2^nd quartile

n/a

n/a

1.09

0.83