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Table 5 Adjusted effects of immune markers in maternal serum/breast milk whey on AS at ages 6 and 12 months

From: Maternal immune markers in serum during gestation and in breast milk and the risk of asthma-like symptoms at ages 6 and 12 months: a longitudinal study

Immune marker

aRR*

p-value

(95% CI)

IL-13

High serum/high whey

1.62 (0.70, 3.75)

0.25

Low serum/high whey

5.62 (2.25, 14.03)

0.0002

Low serum/low whey

Reference

 

IL-5

High serum/high whey

2.13 (0.93, 4.88)

0.07

Low serum/high whey

0.77 (0.23, 2.57)

0.68

Low serum/low whey

Reference

 
  1. * IL-5 and IL-13 were adjusted for child’s sex, maternal age during pregnancy, maternal race, smoking during pregnancy, pelvic infections during pregnancy, maternal history of asthma, eczema, and rhinitis, consumption of antibiotics during pregnancy, season of child’s birth, any respiratory infection during infancy, and household cigarette use at ages 6 and 12 months.
  2. Gestational age, maternal education, pet exposure, and mode of delivery were removed from the models because they were not confounding.