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Table 4 Adjusted effects of IMs in maternal serum and in breast milk whey on mothers’ observation of scratching (1 = yes or 0 = no) at ages 6 and 12 months (n = 156 and 169 observations, respectively)

From: Maternal serum but not breast milk IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13 immune markers are associated with scratching among infants

IMs in maternal serum before delivery

IMs in breast milk whey

Immune Markerb

Levels

RRa 95 % CI

p valuec

FDRc

Levels

RRa 95 % CI

p valuec

FDRc

T-helper type 1/pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (pg/mL)

 INF-γ

≥5.92

1.10 (0.88, 1.36)

0.37

0.52

≥2.13

1.24 (0.94, 1.61)

0.11

0.41

Reference <5.92

   

Reference <2.13

   

 CXCL10

≥202

1.28c (1.03, 1.58)

0.02

0.06

≥338

0.88 (0.67, 1.17)

0.40

0.64

Reference <202

   

Reference <338

   

 IL-6

≥4.25

1.73c (1.28, 2.31)

0.0003

0.002

≥2.12

0.91 (0.94, 1.43)

0.67

0.9

2.12–4.25

1.44 (1.05, 1.95)

0.02

0.06

2.12

1.28 (0.73, 2.24)

0.37

0.64

Reference <2.12

   

Reference <2.12

   

 CXCL8

≥1.59

1.37c (0.99, 1.91)

0.05

0.06

≥5.28

0.77 (0.48, 1.23)

0.28

0.13

0.81–1.59

1.22 (0.94, 1.61)

0.13

0.15

1.40–5.28

0.81 (0.52, 1.25)

0.36

0.93

Reference <0.81

   

Reference <1.40

   

T-helper type 2/pro-allergic cytokines/chemokines (pg/mL)

 IL-5

≥1.59

1.60c (1.24, 2.07)

0.0002

0.002

≥0.46

1.22 (0.88, 1.69)

0.22

0.60

Reference <1.59

   

Reference <0.46

   

 IL-13

≥1.85

1.84c (1.46, 2.29)

<0.0001

0.0001

≥1.71

1.47 (1.06, 2.02)

0.01

0.13

0.13–1.85

1.30 (0.96, 1.75)

0.08

0.15

0.11–1.71

0.82 (0.57, 1.19)

0.31

0.63

Reference <0.13

   

Reference <0.11

   

T-regulatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines (pg/mL)

 TGF-β1

≥28,809.27

1.12 (0.70, 1.80)

0.61

0.73

≥774.63

0.71 (0.48, 1.05)

0.09

0.41

16,430.59–28,809.27

0.82 (0.52, 1.29)

0.40

0.52

438.28–774.63

0.98 (0.73, 1.31)

0.91

0.93

Reference <16,430.59

   

Reference <436.28

   

Secretory immunoglobulin A (mg/mL)

 IgA

≥6.02

0.96 (0.65, 1.40)

0.83

0.88

≥87.58

0.98 (0.66, 1.44)

0.93

0.93

4.06–6.02

0.97 (0.63, 1.46)

0.87

0.88

1.28–87.58

1.07 (0.76, 1.47)

0.71

0.90

Reference <4.07

   

Reference <1.28

   
  1. aIMs were categorized into tertiles levels using the lowest level as reference, except for IL-5, IFN-γ, and CXCL10 in both serum and whey, which were dichotomized (high vs median and low). All IMs in serum and whey were adjusted for child’s sex, maternal race and age, vaginal or urinary infections during pregnancy, parental history of eczema, consumption of acetaminophen during pregnancy, marital status, season of child’s birth, smoking during pregnancy, and household cigarette use at ages 6 and 12 months
  2. bMaternal education, parental history of rhinitis and asthma, pets, gestational age, maternal antibiotics consumption, and mode of delivery were removed from the models because they were not confounding
  3. cThe overall effect of the level was statistically significant after applying a false discovery rate (adjusted p value <0.05)
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Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology

ISSN: 1710-1492

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