Table 2 Symptoms of celiac disease and associated conditions [20]

Classic symptoms

• Abdominal distension

• Abdominal pain

• Chronic diarrhea

• Anorexia

• Irritability

• Weight loss (or failure to thrive in children)

• Muscle wasting

• Dermatitis herpetiformis

Non-classic symptoms

• Unexplained iron or folate deficiency anemia

• Aphthous stomatitis (oral canker sores)

• Dental enamel defects

• Persistent/recurrent vomiting

• Irritable bowel syndrome

• Chronic constipation

• Abnormal liver enzymes (ALT/AST)

• Arthritis, arthralgia

• Osteoporosis/osteopenia

• Short stature

• Delayed puberty

• Infertility

Associated conditions (% affected)

• Relative of individual with celiac disease (8–15%)

• Type 1 diabetes mellitus (4–8%)

• Autoimmune thyroiditis (2–5%)

• Trisomy-21 (Down syndrome) (2–5%)

• Turner syndrome (2–5%)

• IgA deficiency (2–5%, up to 30% in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms)

Neurological presentations

• Unexplained ataxia

• Peripheral neuropathy

• Epilepsy with occipital calcifications

• Depression, anxiety

• Fatigue