Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
From: A systematic review of epinephrine stability and sterility with storage in a syringe
Study | Epinephrine source concentration (mg/mL) | Epinephrine source container | Epinephrine source manufacturer and location | Storage syringe and needle type | Syringe manufacturer and location | Preparation/transfer conditions | Storage conditions | Varying conditions studied |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Donnelly [22] | 1 | Ampule | Parke-Davis Limited; Scarborough, Ontario, Canada | 10Â mL sealed glass vial, or 10Â mL plastic syringe with 18G needle attached and capped | Glass vials: Miles Incorporated; Spokane, Washington, United States Plastic syringes: Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD); Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, United States | Epinephrine diluted with sterile water to 0.1Â mg/mL or 0.7Â mg/mL before transfer to syringe or vial | Stored protected from light and at room temperature | Storage container: sealed glass vial vs plastic syringe with needle attached |
Kerddonfak [24] | 1 | Ampule | Government Pharmaceutical Organization; Bangkok, Thailand | Disposable plastic 1 mL syringe with 23G needle attached and recapped | Nipro; Osaka, Japan | 1 mL of epinephrine transferred into syringe under either laminar flow hood or open air, then air bubbles removed from syringe | Stored in pencil box to protect from light, storage at ambient room temperature (26 ± 3 °C, measured at 8–9 a.m.) | Transfer conditions: laminar flow vs open air |
Zenoni [11] | 1 | Ampule | Monico; Venice, Italy | 1 mL Luer-lock polycarbonate latex-free syringe with no needle attached, sealed with a plastic cap | BD; Republic of Singapore | Epinephrine diluted with pyrogen-free water to 0.1 mg/mL and transferred into syringe in contamination controlled environment | Stored in heat-sealed light-proof plastic pocket, at room temperature (20–24 °C) or 2–8 °C | Storage temperature: 20–24 °C vs 2–8 °C |