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Table 3 Adjusted associations between maternal diet before and during pregnancy and risk of wheezing in the child by the age of 3

From: Maternal diet before and during pregnancy and risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children

Food category

During the year before pregnancy

During the last 3 months of pregnancy

OR (95% CI)a

P-value

OR (95% CI)a

P-value

Wheezing

 Meats

  Moderate vs. low

1.28 (0.92–1.78)

0.14

1.36 (0.99–1.88)

0.06

  High vs. low

1.60 (1.15–2.22)

0.006

1.39 (1.01–1.92)

0.04

Asthma

 Cooked green vegetables

  Moderate vs. low

0.60 (0.34–1.03)

0.06

0.79 (0.45–1.36)

0.39

  High vs. low

0.73 (0.43–1.26)

0.26

0.89 (0.51–1.57)

0.69

Allergic rhinitis

 Eggs

  Moderate vs. low

0.68 (0.44–1.04)

0.07

0.56 (0.33–0.93)

0.03

  High vs. low

0.68 (0.42–1.09)

0.11

0.71 (0.43–1.18)

0.19

 Raw vegetables

  Moderate vs. low

0.68 (0.43–1.07)

0.09

0.44 (0.26–0.74)

0.002

  High vs. low

0.62 (0.40–0.98)

0.04

0.49 (0.29–0.82)

0.007

 Grains

  Moderate vs. low

0.54 (0.33–0.88)

0.01

1.32 (0.80–2.18)

0.28

  High vs. low

0.77 (0.49–1.22)

0.26

0.95 (0.55–1.63)

0.85

 Cooked green vegetables

  Moderate vs. low

1.02 (0.64–1.63)

0.94

0.61 (0.37–1.00)

0.05

  High vs. low

1.05 (0.65–1.69)

0.86

0.56 (0.33–0.97)

0.04

 Meats

  Moderate vs. low

1.77 (1.09–2.90)

0.02

1.00 (0.60–1.67)

0.99

  High vs. low

1.63 (1.00–2.67)

0.05

0.98 (0.50–1.42)

0.49

Atopic dermatitis

 Meats

  Moderate vs. low

1.02 (0.75–1.39)

0.90

0.90 (0.64–1.25)

0.53

  High vs. low

1.33 (0.98–1.81)

0.07

1.09 (0.77–1.53)

0.64

  1. OR odds ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval
  2. aAdjusted for maternal age, maternal pre-pregnancy mother’s BMI, mother’s active smoking before and during pregnancy, child’s exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ages 0 to 3 years), humidity in the home (ages 0 to 3 years), maternal atopy, child’s sex, birth season, birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding ≥ 4 months, number of older siblings, mother’s education, household income, supplementation before and during pregnancy, and total daily energy intake (before or during pregnancy)