Cross-sectional population (N = 357) | p-value* | Longitudinal population (N = 99) | p-value* | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females (N = 232, 65.0%) | Males (N = 125, 35.0%) | Females (N = 62, 62.6%) | Males (N = 37, 37.4%) | |||||||
Age (years) | 52.3 (40.2–61.9) | 50.2 (38.1–64.5) | 0.648 | 52.3 (11.9) | 51.0 (15.8) | 0.640 | ||||
Smoking habits (n (%)) | ||||||||||
Current smoker | 17 (7.3) | 8 (6.4) | 0.430 | 3 (4.8) | 2 (5.4) | 0.795 | ||||
Former smoker | 39 (16.8) | 28 (22.4) | 10 (16.1) | 8 (21.6) | ||||||
Menopausal status (n (%)) | 114 (49.1) | 32 (51.6) | ||||||||
Comorbidities (n (%)) | ||||||||||
≥ 1 | 138 (59.5) | 70 (56.0) | 0.524 | 38 (61.3) | 27 (73.0) | 0.236 | ||||
Cardiovascular disease | 48 (20.7) | 26 (20.8) | 0.980 | 13 (21.0) | 5 (13.5) | 0.352 | ||||
Chronic rhinitis | 35 (15.1) | 17 (13.6) | 0.704 | 11 (17.7) | 5 (13.5) | 0.580 | ||||
Chronic sinusitis/rhinosinusitis | 22 (9.5) | 15 (12.0) | 0.457 | 11 (17.7) | 8 (21.6) | 0.635 | ||||
GERD | 38 (16.4) | 13 (10.4) | 0.124 | 8 (12.9) | 6 (16.2) | 0.647 | ||||
Hormonal disturbances | 27 (11.6) | 16 (12.8) | 0.748 | 8 (12.9) | 4 (10.8) | 1.000 | ||||
Nasal polyps | 16 (6.9) | 11 (8.8) | 0.516 | 8 (12.9) | 7 (18.9) | 0.419 | ||||
Obesity | 19 (8.2) | 4 (3.2) | 0.067 | 5 (8.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.154 | ||||
Psychiatric disordersa | 14 (6.0) | 3 (2.4) | 0.124 | 4 (6.5) | 1 (2.7) | 0.648 | ||||
Asthma history | ||||||||||
Duration (years) | 14.8 (5.7–26.8) | n = 226 | 15.2 (5.3–29.8) | n = 121 | 0.849 | 16.6 (8.1–29.2) | n = 60 | 14.6 (5.0–26.3) | n = 36 | 0.280 |
Age at diagnosis (years) | 33.6 (20.9–44.5) | n = 226 | 31.1 (14.7–44.6) | n = 121 | 0.199 | 32.1 (15.7) | n = 60 | 34.1 (15.6) | n = 36 | 0.555 |
No of asthma exacerbations in the last 12 months | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | n = 213 | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | n = 117 | 0.366 | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) | n = 60 | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) | n = 35 | 0.425 |
≥ 1 exacerbation in the 12 months before baseline (n (%)) | 191 (89.7) | n = 213 | 98 (83.8) | n = 117 | 0.119 | 58 (96.7) | n = 60 | 34 (97.1) | n = 35 | 1.000 |
FEV1 (L) | 1.8 (1.2–2.2) | n = 223 | 2.3 (1.7–3.0) | n = 119 | < 0.0001 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | n = 61 | 2.1 (1.4–2.6) | n = 36 | 0.001 |
Serum IgE (IU/mL) | 216.0 (101.0–525.0) | n = 164 | 294.0 (150.5–629.0) | n = 88 | 0.054 | 238.0 (123.8–499.0) | n = 60 | 294.0 (168.0–540.0) | n = 37 | 0.399 |