Table 1 Pharmacokinetic studies of epinephrine, 0.3 or 0.5 mg, and syringe and needle. Comparison of injection in the middle part of the antero-lateral (m a-l) area of the thigh

Number of pat.

9

13

18

18

12

12

11

Needle length

?

?

25.4 mm

25.4 mm

19.4 (12–30)

27.9 (2–40)

39.1 (30–40)

Gender

Children

Male, adults

Male, adults

Male, adults

M = 6; F = 6

M = 6; F = 6

M = 5; F = 6

Weight kg, Mean ± S.D./range

32 ± 3; 19.1–34.5

85 ± 5; 62–114

75 ± 10.5

75 ± 10.5

M/F 103.5/63.6

M/F 107.7/83.3

M/F 122.4/85.0

BMI kg/m²

–

36.6 ± 4.6; 20–64

23.3 ± 1.9; 18–26

23.3 ± 1.9; 18–26

M/F 32,4/21.3

M/F 32.2/28.1

M/F 36./31.4

Age years

8 ± 1; 4–12

18–35

31.5 ± 9.2

31.5 ± 9.2

M/F 36.2/46.0

M/F 34.5/38.8

M/F32.8/39.0

Site

?

Thigh, m a-l

Thigh, m a-l

Thigh, m a-l

Thigh, m a-l

Thigh, m a-l

Thigh, m a-l

Route

s.c.^a

i.m.^a

i.m.^a

i.m.^a

i.m.

i.m.

i.m.

Dose. mg

0.27 ± 0.04^b

0.3

0.3

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

Plasma level analyzes hours

3 h

3 h

6 h

6 h

6 h

6 h

6 h

T_max 1, min.

34 ± 14 (5^c–120)

10

11 ± 9; 5^d

10 ± 8; 5^d

40 (25–60)

45 (3–60)

50 (6–60)

T_max 2, min.

≈ 40^e

?^f

≈ 50^d

≈ 50^d

–

–

–

C_max 1 pg/ml

1802 ± 214

9722 ± 4.801

222.6 ± 185

401.2 ± 267

M/F 250/360

M/F 310/320

M/F 270/510

C_max 2 pg/ml

≈ 800^e

≈ 1100^f

402.2 ± 208

578 ± 251

–

–

–

No of C_max

2?

1?

2

2

2

2

2

AUC_0-20 h*pg/ml

–

38.5 ± 33.7

75.9 ± 52.6

*

*

*

AUC_inf h*pg/ml

610³ ± 13*10³

503.3 ± 201

777.2 ± 313

M/F 201/288

M/F 257/281

M/F 226/306