Table 1 Characteristics of participants with asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema, column %
Characteristics (N) | Asthma (N = 367) | Allergic rhinitis (N = 861) | Eczema (N = 661) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | ||||
Demographic characteristics | |||||||||
Age (years) | |||||||||
< 13 (649) | 15.3 | 0.69 (0.48–0.98) | 0.04 | 13.7 | 0.88 (0.69–1.13) | 0.33 | 12.4 | 1.00 (0.75–1.32) | 0.98 |
13–14 (694) | 18.0 | 0.88 (0.59–1.31) | 0.53 | 15.4 | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | 0.65 | 16.7 | 1.19 (0.87–1.63) | 0.28 |
14–15 (707) | 11.5 | 1.00 (0.68–1.47) | 0.99 | 14.1 | 0.91 (0.68–1.21) | 0.45 | 12.6 | 1.04 (0.75–1.43) | 0.82 |
15–16 (715) | 16.9 | 0.68 (0.45–1.04) | 0.07 | 13.7 | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | 0.66 | 14.3 | 0.92 (0.66–1.28) | 0.61 |
16–17 (695) | 14.2 | 1.17 (0.80–1.71) | 0.41 | 15.4 | 1.12 (0.85–1.49) | 0.42 | 15.6 | 1.34 (0.98–1.83) | 0.07 |
≥17 (1450) | 24.0 | Ref. | 27.7 | Ref. | 28.4 | Ref. | |||
Gender | |||||||||
Boy (2422) | 64.4 | 1.92 (1.53–2.40) | < 0.001 | 54.0 | 1.25 (1.07–1.45) | 0.004 | 44.4 | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) | 0.05 |
Girl (2495) | 35.6 | Ref. | 46.0 | Ref. | 55.6 | Ref. | |||
Household income (RMBb/person/month) | |||||||||
> 3000RMBb (2100) | 53 | 1.60 (1.28–1.99) | < 0.001 | 51.3 | 1.50 (1.28–1.74) | < 0.001 | 50.5 | 1.45 (1.22–1.71) | < 0.001 |
≦ 3000RMBb (2694) | 47 | Ref. | 48.7 | Ref. | 49.5 | Ref. | |||
Family structure | |||||||||
Single parent family (269) | 6.2 | 1.23 (0.77–1.97) | 0.38 | 6.4 | 1.22 (0.89–1.69) | 0.22 | 6.0 | 1.18 (0.82–1.70) | 0.37 |
Nuclear family (2632) | 51.7 | Ref. | 53.8 | Ref. | 52.2 | Ref. | |||
Extended family (1941) | 42.1 | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) | 0.36 | 39.8 | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 0.91 | 41.8 | 1.09 (0.92–1.30) | 0.33 |
Mother’s educational levels | |||||||||
College and above (1713) | 47.4 | 2.71 (1.97–3.73) | < 0.001 | 46.3 | 2.68 (2.15–3.35) | < 0.001 | 44.2 | 2.32 (1.82–2.95) | < 0.001 |
High school (1674) | 37.0 | 2.01 (1.44–2.79) | < 0.001 | 38.3 | 2.11 (1.68–2.64) | < 0.001 | 38.7 | 1.93 (1.51–2.46) | < 0.001 |
Middle school and below (1,218) | 15.6 | Ref. | 15.4 | Ref. | 17.0 | Ref. | |||
Father’s educational levels | |||||||||
College and above (1980) | 51.9 | 2.90 (2.03–4.15) | < 0.001 | 52.1 | 2.62 (2.07–3.30) | < 0.001 | 50.6 | 2.30 (1.79–2.96) | < 0.001 |
High school (1731) | 36.8 | 2.15 (1.49–3.11) | < 0.001 | 35.3 | 1.85 (1.45–2.35) | < 0.001 | 35.4 | 1.68 (1.29–2.18) | < 0.001 |
Middle school and below (1015) | 11.3 | Ref. | 12.6 | Ref. | 13.9 | Ref. | |||
Obstetrics and parental health characteristics | |||||||||
Delivery mode | |||||||||
Premature delivery (504) | 10.6 | 1.05 (0.73–1.51) | 0.79 | 11.5 | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) | 0.36 | 12.7 | 1.25 (0.96–1.62) | 0.10 |
Post-term delivery (297) | 9.2 | 1.59 (1.07–2.35) | 0.02 | 7.0 | 1.19 (0.87–1.67) | 0.27 | 6.5 | 1.12 (0.79–1.59) | 0.53 |
Term delivery (3858) | 80.2 | Ref. | 81.5 | Ref. | 80.7 | Ref. | |||
Feeding pattern | |||||||||
Mixed feeding (994) | 23.1 | 1.34 (1.02–1.76) | 0.04 | 25.7 | 1.51 (1.26–1.82) | < 0.001 | 26.7 | 1.58 (1.29–1.94) | < 0.001 |
Artificial feeding (681) | 19.1 | 1.59 (1.18–2.14) | 0.002 | 17.4 | 1.48 (1.19–1.83) | < 0.001 | 17.0 | 1.45 (1.14–1.84) | 0.002 |
Breastfeeding (2991) | 57.8 | Ref. | 56.8 | Ref. | 56.3 | Ref. | |||
Maternal smoking during gestation | |||||||||
Yes (40) | 1.7 | 2.48 (1.00–6.13) | 0.05 | 1.4 | 2.12 (1.05–4.27) | 0.04 | 0.8 | 1.16 (0.44–3.05) | 0.77 |
No (4756) | 98.3 | Ref. | 98.6 | Ref. | 99.2 | Ref. | |||
Maternal drinking during gestation | |||||||||
Drinking (71) | 1.7 | 1.18 (0.50–2.78) | 0.70 | 1.9 | 1.35 (0.76–2.39) | 0.30 | 1.3 | 0.88 (0.42–1.88) | 0.75 |
Non-drinking (4721) | 98.3 | Ref. | 98.1 | Ref. | 98.8 | Ref. | |||
Mother’s sleep condition during gestation | |||||||||
Fair (1354) | 27.2 | 0.98 (0.78–1.23) | 0.85 | 30.3 | 1.12 (0.96–1.30) | 0.16 | 34.8 | 1.31 (1.11–1.55) | 0.002 |
Good (3227) | 72.8 | Ref. | 69.7 | Ref. | 65.2 | Ref. | |||
Mother’s age at delivery(year) | |||||||||
≥ 30 (644) | 19.5 | 1.99 (1.45–2.73) | < 0.001 | 17.2 | 1.60 (1.27–2.00) | < 0.001 | 17.2 | 1.58 (1.23–2.04) | < 0.001 |
25–29 (1870) | 47.5 | 1.64 (1.28–2.10) | < 0.001 | 45.5 | 1.43 (1.21–1.69) | < 0.001 | 45.9 | 1.43 (1.18–1.73) | < 0.001 |
≤ 24 (2057) | 33.0 | Ref. | 37.3 | Ref. | 36.9 | Ref. | |||
Father’s age at delivery | |||||||||
≥ 35 (486) | 14.4 | 2.16 (1.56–2.98) | < 0.001 | 11.6 | 1.69 (1.34–2.12) | < 0.001 | 13.3 | 1.71 (1.32–2.21) | < 0.001 |
25–34 (2971) | 76.4 | 1.79 (1.39–2.30) | < 0.001 | 74.3 | 1.52 (1.28–1.81) | < 0.001 | 69.7 | 1.55 (1.28–1.87) | < 0.001 |
≤ 24 (1037) | 9.2 | Ref. | 14.1 | Ref. | 13.2 | Ref. | |||
Biological chronic health problems and activity routine behaviors | |||||||||
Overweight/obesity | |||||||||
Yes (659) | 19.4 | 1.59 (1.20–2.11) | 0.001 | 17.1 | 1.36 (1.10–1.67) | 0.004 | 15.5 | 1.21 (0.95–1.54) | 0.12 |
No (4009) | 80.6 | Ref. | 82.9 | Ref. | 84.5 | Ref. | |||
Smoking exposure | |||||||||
Yes (1313) | 30.5 | 1.23 (0.97–1.56) | 0.08 | 29.3 | 1.17 (0.99–1.38) | 0.07 | 29.3 | 1.16 (0.97–1.40) | 0.11 |
No (3522) | 69.5 | Ref. | 70.7 | Ref. | 70.7 | Ref. | |||
Drinking status | |||||||||
Current drinking (381) | 11.7 | 1.73 (1.22–2.43) | 0.002 | 10.0 | 1.45 (1.12–1.87) | 0.005 | 8.3 | 1.18 (0.87–1.60) | 0.29 |
Non-drinking (4540) | 88.3 | Ref. | 90.0 | Ref. | 91.7 | Ref. | |||
Physical activity during weekdays | |||||||||
Physically active time < 1 h/day (4049) | 68.7 | 0.95 (0.71–1.26) | 0.71 | 67.8 | 1.02 (0.84–1.25) | 0.84 | 70.3 | 0.95 (0.76–1.18) | 0.62 |
Physically active time ≥ 1 h/day (843) | 31.3 | Ref. | 32.2 | Ref. | 29.7 | Ref. | |||
Physical activity during weekends | |||||||||
Physically active time < 1 h/day (3421) | 81.9 | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 0.60 | 83.0 | 0.90 (0.77–1.06) | 0.20 | 81.9 | 1.01 (0.84–1.22) | 0.90 |
Physically active time ≥ 1 h/day (1470) | 18.1 | Ref. | 17.0 | Ref. | 18.1 | Ref. | |||