Table 2 Comparison of clinical traits between COVID-19 patients with and without asthma (mean ± SD)

Age

55 ± 12

70 ± 11

0.077

67 ± 16

56 ± 16

0.066

70 ± 20

37 ± 17

0.014

BMI (kg/cm²)

29.57 ± 7.10

27.52 ± 6.74

0.741

31.45 ± 6.51

28.92 ± 4.63

0.475

24.92 ± 3.50

26.94 ± 1.74

0.465

Gender (M/F)

11/5

3/0

0.530

13/13

7/3

0.456

10/12

1/2

1.000

Ethnicity

0.308

0.622

0.071

 Caucasians

6 (40.0%)

3 (100.0%)

19 (76.0%)

9 (90.0%)

15 (78.9%)

2 (66.7%)

 Asian

3 (20.0%)

0 (0%)

1 (4.0%)

1 (10.0%)

3 (15.8%)

0 (0%)

 African

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

3 (12.0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (33.3%)

 Mediterranean

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

 Mixed

1 (6.7%)

0 (0%)

1 (4.0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

 Others

5 (33.3%)

0 (0%)

1 (4.0%)

0 (0%)

1 (5.3%)

0 (0%)

Smoking

1.000

0.304

0.242

 Non-smokers

10 (66.7%)

2 (66.7%)

17 (68.0%)

4 (44.4%)

9 (52.9%)

3 (100.0%)

 Ex-smokers

5 (33.3%)

1 (33.3%)

7 (28.0%)

5 (55.6%)

8 (47.1%)

0 (0%)

 Active smokers

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (4.0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

Days of symptoms to sampling

12.81 ± 5.41

10.33 ± 3.22

0.459

9.31 ± 5.13

11.60 ± 5.36

0.243

6.86 ± 3.58

13.33 ± 11.15

0.037

Comorbidities

 CCI

1.44 ± 4.07

6.67 ± 2.52

0.049

8.77 ± 10.11

7.60 ± 9.36

0.753

7.32 ± 9.44

4.00 ± 0

0.556

 Hypertension

6 (37.5%)

2 (66.7%)

0.546

14 (53.8%)

3 (30.0%)

0.274

8 (36.4%)

0 (0%)

0.527

 CRD

1 (6.3%)

0 (0.0%)

1.000

6 (23.1%)

1 (10.0%)

0.645

–

–

–

 CCD

1 (6.3%)

1 (33.3%)

0.298

3 (11.5%)

1 (10.0%)

1.000

5 (22.7%)

0 (0%)

1.000

 DM

3 (18.8%)

1 (33.3%)

0.530

15 (57.7%)

3 (30.0%)

0.137

6 (27.3%)

0 (0%)

0.554

 Haemcancer

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Other cancer

–

–

–

–

–

–

1 (4.5%)

0 (0%)

1.000

 Liver diseases

1 (6.3%)

0 (0%)

1.000

0 (0%)

1 (10.0%)

0.278

–

–

–

 Neurological diseases

–

–

–

0 (0%)

1 (10.0%)

0.278

–

–

–

 Kidney diseases

–

–

–

–

–

–

1 (4.5%)

0 (0%)

1.000

 Transplantation

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Rheumatological diseases

–

–

–

–

–

–

1 (4.5%)

0 (0%)

1.000

 Immunosuppression

–

–

–

–

–

–

0 (0%)

1 (33.3%)

0.120

 Stroke/dementia

–

–

–

–

–

–

2 (9.1%)

0 (0%)

1.000

SaO₂/FiO₂

1.72 ± 0.49

1.83 ± 0.57

0.783

2.65 ± 1.10

2.75 ± 1.30

0.845

4.57 ± 0.10

4.52 ± 0.13

0.569

WBC (×10⁹/L)

9.45 ± 3.54

7.74 ± 2.52

0.441

7.85 ± 3.59

7.54 ± 2.68

0.814

7.58 ± 2.81

5.48 ± 4.32

0.273

Neutrophils (×10⁹/L)

8.06 ± 3.44

6.89 ± 2.41

0.585

6.23 ± 3.48

5.76 ± 2.89

0.723

5.66 ± 2.50

3.67 ± 3.52

0.235

Eosinophils (×10⁹/L)

0.08 ± 0.08

0.08 ± 0.09

0.909

0.03 ± 0.04

0.09 ± 0.10

0.059

0.06 ± 0.06

0.07 ± 0.06

0.711

Lymphocytes (×10⁹/L)

0.93 ± 0.37

0.49 ± 0.15

0.062

1.01 ± 0.43

1.16 ± 0.40

0.387

1.35 ± 0.57

1.12 ± 0.22

0.492

Monocytes (×10⁹/L)

0.39 ± 0.21

0.26 ± 0.21

0.325

0.55 ± 0.32

0.52 ± 0.31

0.761

0.50 ± 0.26

0.63 ± 0.66

0.545

Haemoglobin (g/L)

114.31 ± 22.53

111.33 ± 15.89

0.831

126.09 ± 15.96

126.88 ± 15.01

0.905

126.85 ± 16.54

127.67 ± 6.03

0.935

Platelets (×10⁹/L)

265.31 ± 111.65

234.33 ± 39.51

0.647

292.16 ± 121.19

356.50 ± 90.69

0.163

272.68 ± 98.73

259.67 ± 34.15

0.826

Lactate (mmol/L) (highest)

1.294 ± 0.6567

1.100 ± 0.1000

0.625

1.529 ± 0.4327

0.962 ± 0.2560

0.002

1.520 ± 0.3824

0.900 ± 0.1414

0.053

Bicarbonate (mmol/L) (highest)

24.71 ± 4.04

25.77 ± 2.66

0.673

24.37 ± 3.30

25.64 ± 1.56

0.316

24.88 ± 2.73

23.95 ± 1.48

0.658

CRP (highest)

233.90 ± 156.36

207.93 ± 60.54

0.784

163.73 ± 85.65

106.82 ± 49.61

0.073

74.87 ± 61.52

56.43 ± 30.81

0.622

ALP (highest)

97.81 ± 45.51

69.33 ± 13.58

0.307

103.71 ± 66.26

106.50 ± 93.33

0.929

118.06 ± 92.09

64.00 ± 8.19

0.335

ALT (highest)

66.25 ± 42.61

55.33 ± 17.10

0.673

50.71 ± 42.91

74.89 ± 86.65

0.311

55.56 ± 79.51

32.00 ± 22.11

0.624

d-Dimer (timepoint)

13,585.44 ± 22,511.816

2240.00 ± 0

0.645

2574.86 ± 6268.18

3491.00 ± 5068.18

0.730

9842.67 ± 26,319.981

2738.00 ± 2586.597

0.723

LDH (timepoint)

600.00 ± 79.076

–

–

526.00 ± 281.27

315.50 ± 102.19

0.178

433.67 ± 104.45

–

–

CK (timepoint)

299.00 ± 450.172

–

–

332.64 ± 849.60

116.20 ± 89.85

0.586

211.90 ± 180.90

–

–

OS score

0.76 ± 1.19

1.96 ± 0.96

0.122

1.95 ± 1.47

1.04 ± 1.98

0.138

1.81 ± 1.77

− 1.13 ± 1.11

0.011

Vasopressors

14 (87.5%)

3 (100.0%)

1.000

2 (7.7%)

2 (20.0%)

0.305

–

–

–

Days on vasopressors

10.13 ± 8.84

8.00 ± 5.57

0.697

1.25 ± 3.15

2.50 ± 4.36

0.579

–

–

–

RRT

6 (37.5%)

0 (0%)

0.517

1 (3.8%)

1 (10.0%)

0.484

–

–

–

Days on RRT

3.019 ± 5.73

–

–

0.88 ± 2.48

0.50 ± 1.00

0.781

–

–

–

Days on ventilation (days)

24.44 ± 11.88

11.67 ± 4.16

0.089

9.13 ± 12.08

7.00 ± 8.45

0.761

–

–

–

Hospital LOS (days)

40.44 ± 20.36

17.67 ± 0.58

0.076

14.42 ± 14.34

10.70 ± 6.78

0.439

7.14 ± 6.72

4.67 ± 3.79

0.544

Mortality

2 (12.5%)

1 (33.3%)

0.422

7 (26.9%)

1 (10.0%)

0.397

2 (9.1%)

0 (0%)

1.000