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Fig. 2 | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology

Fig. 2

From: Fexofenadine: review of safety, efficacy and unmet needs in children with allergic rhinitis

Fig. 2

Pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis. In the early phase reaction, allergen exposure results in mast cell degranulation and the release of mediators such as histamine, which produce the typical symptoms of AR, including sneezing and mucus production. In the late phase reaction, the release of cytokines and chemokines from mast cells leads to recruitment of inflammatory cells such as basophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils and the release of mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes, which results in sustained nasal congestion and inflammation B cell, B lymphocyte; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IL-1, interleukin 1; IL-3, interleukin 3; IL-4, interleukin 4; IL-5, interleukin 5; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-13, interleukin 13; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha

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