Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
From: Cumulative evidence for association of rhinitis and depression
Study | Publication year | Study location | Study design | Sample size | Participants | Ascertainment of rhinitis | Type of rhinitis | Diagnosis of rhinitis | Ascertainment of depression | Depression diagnostic criteria | Outcomes | Confounding factors | Data source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhou | 2017 | United States | Cross-sectional | 19.1 ± 1.1 million | Adults | Survey participants self-reported | AR | NA | Survey self-reported | NA | 1.32 (1.12–1.54) | Region, sex, race, income, education, and age | 2014 (NHIS) |
Yamamoto-Hanada | 2019 | Japan | Cross-sectional | 86,085 | Pregnant women | Self-reported | Rhinitis | NA | Self-reported | K-6 ≥ 5 | 1.2 (1.17–1.24) | NA | NA |
Roxbury | 2019 | United States | Cross-sectional | 4320 | Adults | Self-reported | Rhinitis/AR/NAR | NA | Self-reported | PHQ-9 ≥ 10 | 1.42 (1.03–1.95)/0.9 (0.68–1.18)/1.99(1.34–2.96) | Age, gender, race, obesity comorbid medical conditions, including self-reported history of asthma, coronary artery disease, heart attack, stroke, thyroid disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and trouble seeing; and self-rated general health condition (excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor) | 2005–2006 (NHANES) |
Kim | 2016 | Korea | Cross-sectional study | 11,154 | > 19 y | Self-reported | AR | NA | Self-reported | EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D) | 2.585 (1.519–4.398)/severe 1.49 (0.894–2.481) 1.254 (0.897–1.752) | Age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol use status, exercise status, region of residence, income, education, marital status, asthma, and atopic dermatitis | KNHANES, 2011–2012 |
Nanda | 2016 | United States | Prospective cohort | 546 | 4–7 y | Diagnosed | AR | 1 aeroallergen SPT positive+ | Diagnosed | BASC-2 | 3.2 (1.7–6.5) | Gender, parental asthma, maternal education, BMI, and sleep disturbance | 2001–2003, CCAAPS |
Chen | 2013 | Taiwan | Prospective cohort study | 1673 | 12-15y | Diagnosed | AR | ICD-9-CM | Diagnosed | ICD-9-CM | 1.59 (1.02–2.50) | Residence location and comorbid allergic diseases | 1996–2000, NHIRD |
Bedolla-Barajas | 2017 | Mexico | Cross-sectional study | 241 | ≥ 18 and ≤ 50 | Diagnosed | AR/NAR | Diagnosed | BDI-II > 13 | 2.5 (1.24–4.9)/3.3 (1.28–8.25) | Sex | 2012–2013 | |
Valero | 2015 | Spain | Cross-sectional study | 670 | > 18 y | Self-reported | Rhinitis | NA | Self-reported | HAD | 17.6% vs. 4.76% | NA | NA |
Wei | 2016 | Taiwan | Cohort | 5075/44729 | 10–17 y | Diagnosed | Rhinitis | ICD-9-CM | Diagnosed | ICD-9-CM | 1.8 [1.29–2.50] | Demographic data | 1995–2000, NHIRD |
Audino | 2014 | Italy | Cross-sectional study | 1283 | 10–13 y | Self-reported | Rhinitis | NA | Diagnosed | TAD > 115 | 17.7% vs. 11.2% | NA | Palermo, Italy |
Derebery | 2008 | United States | Cohort | 7024 | > 18 y | Self-reported | Rhinitis | NA | Self-reported | NA | 17.2% (3831) vs. 8.3% (3193) | NA | 2004 NFO |
Tas | 2019 | Turkey | Cross-sectional | 101/74 | > 18 y | Diagnosed | AR | Endoscopic nasal examination | Self-reported | TEMPS-A | 23.8% (24/101) vs. 10.8% (8/74) | NA | 2017–2018 |
Shin | 2018 | Korea | Cross-sectional study | 15,441 | > 19 y | Self-reported | AR | NA | Self-reported | HRQoL | 1.72 (1.08–2.73) | Age, gender, educational level, marital status, household income, occupation, residential area, smoking status, alcohol consumption, exercise status, sleep duration, and obesity; comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, stroke, ischemic heart disease, arthritis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, thyroid disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic renal failure, and depression; activity limitations; subjective health; and total cholesterol and triglyceride levels | 2013–2015 KNHANES |
Seo | 2012 | Korea | Cross-sectional | 76,937 | Adolescents | Self-reported | AR | NA | Self-reported | NA | 1.14 (1.08–1.20) | NA | 2009 Korean Youth’s Risk Behavior Web-based Study |