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Table 3 Correlation of various clinico-pathological characteristics of cases and controls with serum IL-4 levels

From: Atopy in Kashmir-validation from a case control study with respect to IgE and Interleukin genes

Variables

Cases

Controls

OR (95%CI)

P Value

Number (n)

Un (%)

Dn (%)

Number (n)

Un (%)

Dn (%)

n = 528

120 (22.7)

408 (77.3)

n = 610

493 (80.9)

117 (19.1)

14.3 (10.7–19.0)

 < 0.0001

Age

        

 < 40

414 (78.4)

102

312

459 (75.0)

373

86

13.2 (9.5–18.3)

 < 0.0001

 > 40

114 (21.6)

18

96

151 (25.0)

120

31

20.6 (10.8–39.1)

 < 0.0001

Gender

        

 Male

210 (39.8)

36

174

255 (41.8)

205

50

19.8 (13.3–31.8)

 < 0.0001

 Female

318 (60.2)

84

234

355 (58.2)

288

67

11.9 (8.3–17.2)

 < 0.0001

Dwelling

        

 Urban

240 (45.5)

48

192

281 (46.1)

221

60

14.7 (9.6–22.5)

 < 0.0001

 Rural

288 (54.5)

72

216

329 (44.9)

272

57

14.3 (9.6–21.1)

 < 0.0001

Smoking status

        

 Smokers

63 (12.0)

12

151

38 (6.2)

32

06

67.1 (23.4–92.0)

 < 0.0001

 Non-smokers

165 (31.2)

42

123

345 (56.5)

187

40

1.36 (8.3–22.3)

 < 0.0001

 Passive smokers

300 (56.8)

66

234

227 (37.3)

274

71

13.6 (9.3–19.9)

 < 0.0001

IgE levels

        

 Normal

03 (0.6)

00

03

487 (79.8)

405

82

19.5 (2.1–77.2)

 < 0.0001

 Elevated

525 (99.4)

120

405

123 (20.2)

88

35

8.4 (5.4–13.1)

 < 0.0001

Eosinophil count

        

 Normal

297 (56.3)

75

222

519 (85.1)

419

100

12.4 (8.8–17.4)

 < 0.0001

 Elevated

231 (43.7)

45

186

91 (14.9)

74

17

17.9 (9.6–33.4)

 < 0.0001

Vitamin D levels (ng/ml)

        

 Deficient (< 20)

345 (65.3)

93

252

503 (82.4)

408

95

11.6 (8.3–16.1)

 < 0.0001

 Insufficient (20–30)

111 (21.0)

15

96

49 (8.0)

40

09

28.4 (11.5–70.3)

 < 0.0001

 Sufficient (31–100)

72 (13.7)

12

60

58 (9.6)

45

13

17.3 (7.2–41.5)

 < 0.0001

ESR

      

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

0.7

 Normal

414 (78.4)

93

321

 Elevated

114 (21.6)

27

87

PFT

      

0.7 (0.4–1.09)

0.1

 Normal

324 (61.4)

81

243

 Abnormal

204 (38.6)

39

165

SPT

       

0.7

 HDM

72 (13.6)

15

57

 Pollens

39 (7.3)

09

30

 HDM/pollens

114 (21.6)

21

93

 HDM/pollens/fungi/AE

66 (12.5)

24

42

 HDM/pollens/few foods/AE

225 (42.6)

48

77

 Negative

12 (2.2)

03

09

Socio economic status

      

1.6 (0.98–2.5)

0.06

 Good

150 (28.4)

27

123

 Average

336 (63.6)

87

249

 Poor

42 (8.0)

06

36

Seasonal/year round

        

 Year round

387 (73.3)

99

288

  

 Seasonal

141 (26.7)

21

120

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

0.009

Peak time

      

1.3 (0.9–2.0)

0.1

 Morning

255 (48.2)

51

204

1.3 (0.5–3.5)

0.3

 Evening

249 (47.1)

63

186

  

 Both

24 (4.5)

06

18

  

Family history

      

1.1 (0.7–1.8)

0.6

 Yes

393 (74.5)

87

306

 No

135 (25.5)

33

102

Triggers

       

0.2

 Dust

174 (32.9)

42

132

 Dust/irritant

210 (39.7)

51

159

 Temperature

12 (2.3)

03

9

 Irritants

132 (25.0)

24

108

Co-morbidity

        

 Diabetes

24 (4.5)

03

21

 

 Hypertension

27 (5.1)

03

24

 

 Diabetes/hypertension/obesity

16 (2.7)

00

16

 

 Hypothyroidism

51 (9.6)

15

36

 

 PCOD

21 (3.9)

03

18

 

 Nil

389 (73.6)

96

293

0.02

Collateral diseases

       

0.3

 Drug allergy

60 (11.5)

12

48

 Migraine

120 (22.7)

30

90

 Food allergy

90 (17.0)

15

75

 Migraine/food allergy

09 (1.7)

06

03

 Migraine/drug allergy

06 (1.1)

00

06

 Nil

243 (46.0)

57

186

Diagnosis

       

0.03

 AR/BA

210 (39.7)

45

165

 AR/AD

57 (10.8)

06

51

 AR/CU

36 (6.8)

09

27

 AR/BA/AD

120 (22.7)

27

93

 AR/BA/CU

75 (14.2)

21

54

 AR/BA/conjunctivitis

12 (2.3)

06

06

 BA/CU

18 (3.4)

06

12

  1. IL Interleukin, U undetectable, D detectable, IgE immunoglobulin E, GAD general anxiety disorder, MDD major depressive disorder, ESR eosinophil sedimentation rate, LSCS lower segment caesarian section, TSH thyroid stimulating hormone, PFT pulmonary function test, HDM house dust mite, AE animal epithelia, AR atopic rhinitis, BA bronchial asthma, AD topic dermatitis, CU chronic urticaria
  2. 0.7 pg/ml is the minimum value below which the interleukin levels (IL-4) were treated as undetectable