Table 3 Absolute counts and frequencies of CD4⁺ T cell, CD8⁺ T cell, and CD4⁺ T_reg cell subsets in the peripheral blood of healthy controls and PD patients

Lymphocytes

Absolute CD3⁺

2394

2830

850–3200 cells/µL

Absolute CD3⁺CD4⁺

1406

2065

400–2100 cells/µL

Absolute CD3⁺CD8⁺

1178

766

300–1300 cells/µL

CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio

1.1 (L)

2.5

1.5–2.5

B cells (CD19⁺)

122

266

120–740 cells/µL

% class-switched memory B cells

2% (L)

4% (L)

9–26%

NK cells

1102 (H)

133

7–480 cells/µL

CD3⁺CD4^–CD8^– alpha/beta

0.6%

0.8%

<1.5%

Normal range *

CD4⁺ T cells

CD4⁺ memory

(CD45RO⁺)

33.1

19.1 (L)

23.4–66.5

CD4⁺ T_EM

21.5

11.4

9.1–48.4

CD4⁺ T_CM

9.0 (H)

5.3

2.1–7.5

CD4⁺ T_EMRA

2.1 (L)

1.8 (L)

3.0–13.6

CD4⁺ T_eff

0.3

0.5

0–2.5

CD4⁺ naïve (CD45RA⁺)

59.1

74.2 (H)

21.2–62.7

CD8⁺ T cells

CD8⁺ memory (CD45RO⁺)

77.3 (H)

39.4

8.2–68.3

CD8⁺ T_EM

30.0

14.7

0–30.7

CD8⁺ T_CM

2.6 (H)

0.7

0.1–2.5

CD8⁺ T_EMRA

43.6 (H)

20.7

8.7–29.0

CD8⁺ T_eff

2.4

2.5

0–29.4

CD8⁺ naïve (CD45RA⁺)

15.2

54.6

8.3–83.9

T follicular cells

CD4⁺ CXCR5⁺

1.8 (L)

2.0 (L)

2.2–9.4

CD8⁺ CXCR5⁺

0.3

0.2

0–4.4

T_reg cells

Total T_reg (% of CD4⁺)

3.6

2.8

2.6–6.3

Naive T_reg (CD45RO^–)

27.1

38.9

15.1–49.4

Memory T_reg (CD45RO⁺)

57.2

41.8

40–82

T cell cytokines

CD4⁺ T_EM IFN-γ⁺

37.5

9.3 (L)

12.8–56.4

CD4⁺ T_EM IL-13⁺

3.0

6.8

2.3–7.0

CD4⁺ T_EM IL-17⁺

1.8

2.4

1.0–3.2

CD8⁺ T_EM IFN-γ⁺

55.2

35.5 (L)

42.0–100

CD8⁺ T_EM IL-13⁺

0.7

0.4

0.2–8.1

CD8⁺ T_EM IL-17⁺

1.7 (H)

1.4 (H)

0–0.9

Checkpoint molecules

CD4⁺ T_EM CTLA-4⁺

22.4 (L)

21.2 (L)

24.5–43.7**

CD4⁺ T_EM PD-1⁺

58.5

44.9

26.6–70.3

CD4⁺ T_EM TIM-3⁺

3.7 (H)

4.8 (H)

0.4–1.8

Activation marker

CD4⁺ T_EM HLA-DR⁺

20.2 (H)

10.2 (H)

1.5–9.4

CD8⁺ T_EM HLA-DR⁺

6.3

7.5

0–22.5