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Fig. 3 | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology

Fig. 3

From: Therapeutic effects of intranasal tocotrienol-rich fraction on rhinitis symptoms in platelet-activating factor induced allergic rhinitis

Fig. 3

The severity scores of AR for histological evaluation (A) and light microscopic images of H&E staining in nasal section (B–D; ×200 magnification). (B) Control group shows regular nasal structures with no inflammation. (C) PAF-induced AR group shows moderate inflammation, aggregates of polymorphonuclear cells, thickening of lamina propria and epithelial loss. (D) Regular nasal structures with minimal inflammation and aggregates of polymorphonuclear cells were observed in PAF-induced AR with TRF treatment group. Black arrows indicate inflammation and polymorphonuclear cells infiltration in the submucosa. The subjective scoring represents 0: no significant abnormalities; 1: minimal; 2: mild; 3: moderate; 4: marked; 5: severe. Data are representative of mean ± standard error (n = 19); *p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001. AR, Allergic rhinitis; H&E, Hematoxylin and eosin; PAF, Platelet-activating factor; TRF, Tocotrienol-rich fraction

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