Fig. 4
From: Association between constipation and the development of asthma: a meta-analysis
The role of gut-lung axis between constipation and asthma. Long term constipation causes imbalance of gut microbiota and gut pressure and the enrichment of toxins and allergen. The condition of gut dysbiosis leading to the dysregulation of gut inflammation and the defect of the intestinal epithelial barriers, resulting in leaky gut and allow penetration of microorganisms and toxins into systemic circulation, thereby activating Th2 immune responses and affects the development and function of Treg cells, eventually contributing to airway inflammation through the blood and lymphatic system