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Table 2 Results based on crude and adjusted models after multiple imputation of missing data for the association between first asthma occurrence in children and excessive systemic antibiotic use (≥ 4 courses) in the first year of life

From: Asthma occurrence in children and early life systemic antibiotic use: an incidence density study

 

Î’

SE

IDR

95% CI

p

Crude model

 Excessive systemic antibiotic use in the first year of life

0.59

0.38

1.80

(0.85, 3.81)

0.12

Adjusted models

     

 Excessive systemic antibiotic usea

0.78

0.41

2.18

(0.98, 4.87)

0.06

 Evaluation of effect modification by sex

 Crude model

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for sex = male

0.26

0.46

1.29

(0.52, 3.20)

0.57

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for sex = female

1.04

0.69

2.82

(0.72, 10.99)

0.14

  Interaction term

0.78

0.83

–

–

0.35

 Adjusted modelb

     

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for sex = male

0.44

0.48

1.56

(0.60, 4.03)

0.36

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for sex = female

1.25

0.77

3.49

(0.77, 15.72)

0.10

  Interaction term

0.81

0.90

–

–

0.37

 Evaluation of effect modification by parental education

 Crude model

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for parental education = low

0.77

0.97

2.16

(0.32, 14.37)

0.43

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for parental education = high

0.56

0.42

1.75

(0.76, 4.01)

0.19

  Interaction term

− 0.21

1.06

–

–

0.84

 Adjusted modelc

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for parental education = low

1.38

1.11

3.99

(0.45, 35.42)

0.21

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for parental education = high

0.69

0.44

1.99

(0.84, 4.72)

0.12

  Interaction term

− 0.70

1.19

–

–

0.56

Evaluation of effect modification by ETS

 Crude model

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for ETS = no

0.60

0.43

1.83

(0.78, 4.28)

0.16

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for ETS = yes

1.19

1.26

3.29

(0.28, 38.78)

0.35

  Interaction term

0.58

1.34

–

–

0.66

 Adjusted modeld

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for ETS = no

0.69

0.44

1.99

(0.84, 4.73)

0.12

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for ETS = yes

1.53

1.30

4.62

(0.36, 59.46)

0.24

  Interaction term

0.84

1.38

–

–

0.54

Evaluation of effect modification by LRTIs in the first year of life

 Crude model

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for LRTIs first year of life = no

0.26

0.50

1.30

(0.49, 3.45)

0.60

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for LRTIs first year of life = yes

1.31

0.69

3.70

(0.96, 14.24)

0.06

  Interaction term

1.05

0.85

–

–

0.22

 Adjusted modele

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for LRTIs first year of life = no

0.40

0.52

1.49

(0.54, 4.14)

0.44

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for LRTIs first year of life = yes

1.64

0.75

5.17

(1.19, 22.52)

0.03

  Interaction term

1.24

0.91

–

–

0.17

Evaluation of effect modification by parental asthma

 Crude model

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for parental asthma = no

0.53

0.41

1.69

(0.75, 3.81)

0.20

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for parental asthma = yes

1.74

1.29

5.71

(0.45, 72.29)

0.18

  Interaction term

1.21

1.36

–

–

0.37

 Adjusted modelf

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for parental asthma = no

0.78

0.45

2.18

(0.91, 5.27)

0.08

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for parental asthma = yes

2.14

1.38

8.54

(0.56, 128.95)

0.12

  Interaction term

1.36

1.45

–

–

0.35

Evaluation of effect modification by atopic dermatitis

 Crude model

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for atopic dermatitis = no

0.99

0.63

2.70

(0.78, 9.31)

0.12

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for atopic dermatitis = yes

0.42

0.51

1.52

(0.56, 4.12)

0.41

  Interaction term

− 0.57

0.82

–

–

0.48

 Adjusted modelg

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for atopic dermatitis = no

1.11

0.64

3.04

(0.86, 10.71)

0.09

  Excessive systemic antibiotic use for atopic dermatitis = yes

0.64

0.55

1.89

(0.64, 5.54)

0.25

  Interaction term

− 0.47

0.85

–

–

0.58

  1. ETS Environmental tobacco smoke; LRTIs Lower respiratory tract infections; β regression coefficient; SE standard error; IDR incidence density ratio; CI confidence interval; p p-value
  2. aAdjusted for confounding by parental education and ETS
  3. bAdjusted for confounding by parental education and ETS and taking into account effect modification by sex
  4. cAdjusted for confounding by ETS and taking into account effect modification by parental education
  5. dAdjusted for confounding by parental education and taking into account effect modification by ETS
  6. eAdjusted for confounding by parental education and ETS and taking into account effect modification by LRTIs in the first year of life
  7. fAdjusted for confounding by parental education and ETS and taking into account effect modification by parental asthma
  8. gAdjusted for confounding by parental education and ETS and taking into account effect modification by atopic dermatitis
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Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology

ISSN: 1710-1492

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