IMs in maternal serum before delivery | IMs in breast milk whey | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Immune Markerb | Levels | RRa 95 % CI | p valuec | FDRc | Levels | RRa 95 % CI | p valuec | FDRc |
T-helper type 1/pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (pg/mL) | ||||||||
INF-γ | ≥5.92 | 1.10 (0.88, 1.36) | 0.37 | 0.52 | ≥2.13 | 1.24 (0.94, 1.61) | 0.11 | 0.41 |
Reference <5.92 | Reference <2.13 | |||||||
CXCL10 | ≥202 | 1.28c (1.03, 1.58) | 0.02 | 0.06 | ≥338 | 0.88 (0.67, 1.17) | 0.40 | 0.64 |
Reference <202 | Reference <338 | |||||||
IL-6 | ≥4.25 | 1.73c (1.28, 2.31) | 0.0003 | 0.002 | ≥2.12 | 0.91 (0.94, 1.43) | 0.67 | 0.9 |
2.12–4.25 | 1.44 (1.05, 1.95) | 0.02 | 0.06 | 2.12 | 1.28 (0.73, 2.24) | 0.37 | 0.64 | |
Reference <2.12 | Reference <2.12 | |||||||
CXCL8 | ≥1.59 | 1.37c (0.99, 1.91) | 0.05 | 0.06 | ≥5.28 | 0.77 (0.48, 1.23) | 0.28 | 0.13 |
0.81–1.59 | 1.22 (0.94, 1.61) | 0.13 | 0.15 | 1.40–5.28 | 0.81 (0.52, 1.25) | 0.36 | 0.93 | |
Reference <0.81 | Reference <1.40 | |||||||
T-helper type 2/pro-allergic cytokines/chemokines (pg/mL) | ||||||||
IL-5 | ≥1.59 | 1.60c (1.24, 2.07) | 0.0002 | 0.002 | ≥0.46 | 1.22 (0.88, 1.69) | 0.22 | 0.60 |
Reference <1.59 | Reference <0.46 | |||||||
IL-13 | ≥1.85 | 1.84c (1.46, 2.29) | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | ≥1.71 | 1.47 (1.06, 2.02) | 0.01 | 0.13 |
0.13–1.85 | 1.30 (0.96, 1.75) | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.11–1.71 | 0.82 (0.57, 1.19) | 0.31 | 0.63 | |
Reference <0.13 | Reference <0.11 | |||||||
T-regulatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines (pg/mL) | ||||||||
TGF-β1 | ≥28,809.27 | 1.12 (0.70, 1.80) | 0.61 | 0.73 | ≥774.63 | 0.71 (0.48, 1.05) | 0.09 | 0.41 |
16,430.59–28,809.27 | 0.82 (0.52, 1.29) | 0.40 | 0.52 | 438.28–774.63 | 0.98 (0.73, 1.31) | 0.91 | 0.93 | |
Reference <16,430.59 | Reference <436.28 | |||||||
Secretory immunoglobulin A (mg/mL) | ||||||||
IgA | ≥6.02 | 0.96 (0.65, 1.40) | 0.83 | 0.88 | ≥87.58 | 0.98 (0.66, 1.44) | 0.93 | 0.93 |
4.06–6.02 | 0.97 (0.63, 1.46) | 0.87 | 0.88 | 1.28–87.58 | 1.07 (0.76, 1.47) | 0.71 | 0.90 | |
Reference <4.07 | Reference <1.28 |