Table 2 The Jeffrey Modell Foundations’ 10 warning signs of primary immune deficiency [23]
From: Primary immunodeficiency
Warning signs in children |
 1. ≥ 4 new ear infections within 1 year |
 2. ≥ 2 serious sinus infections within 1 year |
 3. ≥ 2 months on antibiotics with little effect |
 4. ≥ 2 pneumonias within 1 year |
 5. Failure of an infant to gain weight or grow normally |
 6. Recurrent, deep skin or organ abscesses |
 7. Persistent thrush in mouth or fungal infection on skin |
 8. Need for IV antibiotics to clear infections |
 9. ≥ 2 deep-seated infections including septicemia |
 10. A family history of PID |
Warning signs in adults |
 1. ≥ 2 new ear infections within 1 year |
 2. ≥ 2 new sinus infections within 1 year, in the absence of allergy |
 3. 1 pneumonia per year for > 1 year |
 4. Chronic diarrhea with weight loss |
 5. Recurrent viral infections (colds, herpes, warts, condyloma) |
 6. Recurrent need for IV antibiotics to clear infections |
 7. Recurrent, deep abscesses of the skin or internal organs |
 8. Persistent thrush or fungal infection on skin or elsewhere |
 9. Infection with normally harmless tuberculosis-like bacteria |
 10. A family history of PID |