Table 2 Summary of main effects of quercetin on allergic diseases (in vivo studies)

Allergic asthma

7.5 mg/kg

Male Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs

Inhibited the sRaw in LAR and IAR dose-dependently, as well as the recruitment of leukocytes, particularly eosinophils and neutrophils on LAR

[21]

10 mg/ml

Male Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs

Decreased histamine and protein contents, PLA2 activity, and recruitments of leukocytes in BAL fluid and also slightly increased infiltration of eosinophils and neutrophils in histopathological survey

[27]

8 or 16 mg/kg

BALB/c

Decreased allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness due to the alteration of Th1/Th2 differentiation via the suppression of GATA-3 and increase of T-bet expression

Reduced the increased levels of IL-4, increased IFN-ɣ, and significantly inhibit all asthmatic reactions

[20]

10 mg/kg

BALB/c

Reduced eosinophil counts in BALF, blood and lung parenchyma

[29]

10 mg/kg

BALB/c

Reduced the eosinophil recruitment, IL-4 and IL-5 levels in the BALF, as well as, inhibited the NF-κB activation, P-selectin expression and the mucus production in the lung

[17]

5 mg/kg

Sprague–Dawley rats

Diminished the increase of total cell numbers and macrophage numbers in BALF

Decreased the neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6

[30]

16 mg/kg

BALB/c

Lower epithelial thickness, subepithelial smooth muscle thickness, goblet, and mast cell numbers

Lower IL-25, IL-33, TSLP, caspase-3 and TUNEL

[31]

Allergic rhinitis

460 mg of herbal extract

Not animals. In AR patients

Reduced total serum IgE

[43]

25 mg/kg

Sprague–Dawley rats

Inhibit nasal rubbing movements and sneezing

[44]

80 mg/kg

Sprague–Dawley rats

Suppressed of AR

Weaker COX-2 and VIP expressions

[45]

Atopic dermatitis

–

Nc/Nga mouse

Suppressed angiogenesis and Th2-related cytokine expression

[53]

10 mg

Hsd:ICR (CD-1) mice

Amelioration of the tissue damage, with a noticeable attenuation of edema and leukocyte infiltration

[54]

2 mg

Nc/Nga mouse

Decreased the iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expressions in the skin as well as significantly suppressed the increase in the level of total plasma IgE and eosinophils

Down-regulated the expression of the cytokines, IL-4, 5 and 13

[50]

–

Nc/Nga mouse

Weakened the development of AD-like skin lesions

Inhibited hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis, mast cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells

Down-regulated cytoplasmic HMGB1, RAGE, nuclear p-NF-κB, p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, COX2, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2Rα, IFNγ and IL-4 and up-regulated nuclear Nrf2

[55]