Table 2 Pharmacokinetic studies of epinephrine autoinjectors. Comparison of injection in the middle part of the antero-lateral (m a-l) or distal-ventral (d-v) area of the thigh

Brand

Epipen^®

Epipen^®

Epipen^®

Auvi-Q^®

Anapen^®

Anapen^®

Anapen^®

Epipen^®

Epipen^®

Epipen^®

Emerade^®

Emerade^®

Needle length, mm^j

10.5

15

15

15

10.5

10.5

10.5

13–18 (20)

13–18 (20)

13–18 (20)

23

23

Number of pat.

8

13

135

67

18

12

18

12

12

11

12

12

Gender

Children

Male, adults

Male, adults

Male, adults

Male, adults

Female, adults

Male, adults

M = 6; F = 6

M = 6; F = 6

M = 5; F = 6

Adolescent

M = 7; F = 5

Adolescent

M = 7; F = 5

Weight kg

?

15–40

85 ± 5; 62–114

77.0 ± 11.5

77.0 ± 11.5

75 ± 10.5

78 ± 7.9

75 ± 10.5

M/F 103.5/63.6

M/F 107.7/83.3

M/F 122.4/85.0

61

41.8–76.4

61

41.8-76.4

BMI kg/m²

–

36.6 ± 4.6; 29–64

25.4 ± 2.7

25.4 ± 2.7

23.3 ± 1.9; 18–26

29.7 ± 1.9; 26–34

23.3 ± 1.9; 18–26

M/F 32.4/21.3

M/F 32.2/28.1

M/F 36./31.4

–

–

Age years

4–12

18–35

33.2 ± 6.3

33.2 ± 6.3

31.5 ± 9.2

33.3 ± 9.1

31.5 ± 9.2

M/F 36.2/46.0

M/F 34.5/38.8

M/F 32.8/39.0

15.4

15.4

Site

?

Thigh, m a-l

Thigh, m a-l

Thigh, m a-l

Thigh, m a-l

Thigh, d-v

Thigh, m a-l

Thigh, m a-l

Thigh, m a-l

Thigh, m a-l

Thigh m a-l

Thigh m a-l

Rote

i.m.^a

i.m.^a

i.m.^a

i.m.^a

i.m.

i.m.^{a i}

i.m.

i.m.^a

i.m.^a

i.m.^a

i.m.

i.m.

Dose mg

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.5

Plasma level analyzes hours

3

3

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

3

3

T_max 1, minutes

8 ± 2^c

5

10^f

5–10^g; 5ⁱ

5–10^g; 5ⁱ

12 ± 7; 5^d

14 ± 6; 15^d

13 ± 7; 5^d

9 (3–60)

10,5 (2–39)

30 (9–120)

–

–

T_max 2, minutes

≈ 20^e

≈ 40^f

25–30⁸⁾

25–30^h

≈ 50^d

≈ 30^d

≈ 50^d

–

–

–

–

–

C_max1 pg/ml

2136 ± 351

12,222 ± 3829

520

486

377. ± 298

275^d

440 ± 416

≈ 250^d

353.9 ± 283

≈260^d

M/F

400/640

M/F

480/520

M/F

420/630

–

–

C_max2 pg/ml

1000^f

≈ 6000^f

≈ 300^h

≈ 330^h

≈ 250^d

≈ 275^d

≈290^d

–

–

–

–

–

No of C_max

1?

2

2

2

2

2?

2

2

2

2

2

2

AUC_0-20 h*pg/m^k

–

–

–

–

69.3 ± 54

55.9 ± 45

68.4 ± 50

–

–

AUC_0-t h*pg/ml

–

–

466

536

–

–

–

M/F 273/288

M/F 281/209

M/F

263/311

–

–

AUC_inf h*pg/ml

108,000 ± 18,000

–

583

724

459.2 ± 129

677.7 ± 161

473.1 ± 139

–

–

–

–

–