Fig. 1

Pre (t0)—post (t1) comparison of the outcome parameters as well as comparison between the intervention and the control group. a Mean subjective self-assurance in using the emergency medication on a visual analogue scale (VAS) (range: 0 (very unsure) to 10 (very sure)). b Mean willingness to always carry the emergency medication on a VAS (range: 0 (not willing) to 10 (very willing)). c Mean depression level and d mean anxiety level regarding the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). e Mean absolute one-time willingness to pay for complete cure (in Euro). f Mean score reached in the Knowledge-quiz (maximum score: 12 points). g Mean score achieved at the simulation test dealing with the patients’ ability to manage an acute sting reaction (maximum score: 13 points). **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001. Bars: Means with standard deviation