Table 2 Stratified analysis of the associations between rhinitis and depression
From: Cumulative evidence for association of rhinitis and depression
Variables | Allergic rhinitis and depression | p | Rhinitis and depression | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Studies | OR (95% CI) | I2 (p-value) | Studies | OR (95% CI) | I2 (p-value) | |||
Total | 9 | 1.54 (1.24, 1.90) | 78 (< 0.05) | 6 | 1.86 (1.32, 2.62) | 95.1 (< 0.05) | ||
Study location | ||||||||
Europe | 1 | 2.65 (1.12, 6.28) | NA | < 0.05 | 2 | 2.61 (1.07, 6.37) | 89.2 (< 0.05) | < 0.05 |
Unites States | 3 | 1.40 (0.88, 2.21) | 85.1 (< 0.05) | 2 | 1.85 (1.15, 2.96) | 86.1 (< 0.05) | ||
Asia | 4 | 1.60 (1.09, 2.33) | 78.3 (< 0.05) | 2 | 1.42 (0.96, 2.10) | 82.5 (< 0.05) | ||
Other countries | 1 | 2.5 (1.26, 4.97) | NA | 0 | NA | NA | ||
Study design | ||||||||
Cohort | 2 | 2.15 (1.09, 4.25) | 65.4 (> 0.05) | < 0.05 | 2 | 2.13 (1.71, 2.66) | 42.9 (> 0.05) | > 0.05 |
Cross-sectional | 7 | 1.42 (1.14, 1.75) | 76.9 (< 0.05) | 4 | 1.75 (1.19, 2.55) | 90 (< 0.05) | ||
Sample size | ||||||||
≥ 10,000 | 4 | 1.41 (1.12, 1.78) | 79.1 (< 0.05) | < 0.05 | 2 | 1.42 (0.96, 2.10) | 82.5 (< 0.05) | < 0.05 |
< 10,000 | 5 | 1.86 (1.08, 3.18) | 80.6 (< 0.05) | 4 | 2.10 (1.51, 2.90) | 81.9 (< 0.05) | ||
Sample population | ||||||||
Adult | 6 | 1.63 (1.17, 2.26) | 75.7 (< 0.05) | > 0.05 | 4 | 1.93 (1.21, 3.10) | 96.7 (< 0.05) | > 0.05 |
< 18 years | 3 | 1.64 (0.98, 2.77) | 81.9 (< 0.05) | 2 | 1.74 (1.42, 2.13) | 0 (0.81) | ||
Ascertainment of depression | ||||||||
Self-report | 6 | 1.34 (1.09, 1.65) | 76.4 (< 0.05) | < 0.05 | 4 | 1.93 (1.21, 3.10) | 96.7 (< 0.05) | > 0.05 |
Diagnosed | 3 | 2.19 (1.42, 3.38) | 38.3 (> 0.05) | 2 | 1.74 (1.42, 2.13) | 0 (0.81) | ||
Ascertainment of rhinitis | ||||||||
Self-report | 5 | 1.29 (1.05, 1.57) | 77.4% (< 0.05) | < 0.05 | 5 | 1.88 (1.27, 2.77) | 95.9 (< 0.05) | > 0.05 |
Diagnosed | 4 | 2.20 (1.56, 3.08) | 14.3% (> 0.05) | 1 | 1.8 (1.29, 2.51) | NA | ||
Study quality | ||||||||
NOS score > 5 | 6 | 1.6 (1.17, 2.18) | 77.3% (< 0.05) | > 0.05 | 3 | 1.39 (1.09, 1.78) | 70.4 (< 0.05) | < 0.05 |
NOS score ≤ 5 | 3 | 1.79 (0.93, 1.90) | 76.8% (< 0.05) | 3 | 2.37 (1.66, 3.39) | 80.1 (< 0.05) | ||
Adjusted for confounding factors | ||||||||
Minimal (≤ 7 factors) | 6 | 1.56 (1.22, 1.99) | 79.8 (< 0.05) | > 0.05 | 5 | 1.97 (1.32, 2.93) | 96.1 (< 0.05) | < 0.05 |
Substantial (≥ 8 factors) | 3 | 1.54 (0.81, 2.94) | 86.2 (< 0.05) | 1 | 1.42 (1.03, 1.95) | NA | ||
Adjusted for age | ||||||||
Yes | 4 | 1.43 (1.0, 2.03) | 79.6% (< 0.05) | < 0.05 | 1 | 1.42 (1.03, 1.95) | NA | < 0.05 |
No | 5 | 1.9 (1.2, 3.01) | 79.4% (< 0.05) | 5 | 1.97 (1.32, 2.93) | 96.1 (< 0.05) | ||
Adjusted for sex | ||||||||
Yes | 6 | 1.71 (1.21, 2.42) | 79.7% (< 0.05) | > 0.05 | 1 | 1.42 (1.03, 1.95) | NA | < 0.05 |
No | 3 | 1.44 (0.97, 2.15) | 65% (> 0.05) | 5 | 1.97 (1.32, 2.93) | 96.1 (< 0.05) | ||
Adjusted for asthma | ||||||||
Yes | 4 | 1.78 (0.97, 3.24) | 85.7% (< 0.05) | > 0.05 | 1 | 1.42 (1.03, 1.95) | NA | < 0.05 |
No | 5 | 1.41 (1.14, 1.75) | 71.3% (< 0.05) | 5 | 1.97 (1.32, 2.93) | 96.1 (< 0.05) | ||
Adjusted for atopic dermatitis | ||||||||
Yes | 3 | 1.86 (1.41, 2.46) | 2.6% (> 0.05) | < 0.05 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
No | 6 | 1.38 (1.09, 1.74) | 78.6% (< 0.05) | 6 | 1.86 (1.32, 2.62) | 95.1 (< 0.05) | ||
Adjusted for household income | ||||||||
Yes | 3 | 1.69 (1.15, 2.49 | 68.5% (< 0.05) | > 0.05 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
No | 6 | 1.55 (1.12, 2.13) | 78% (< 0.05) | 6 | 1.86 (1.32, 2.62) | 95.1 (< 0.05) | ||
Adjusted for comorbidities | ||||||||
Yes | 3 | 1.31 (0.83, 2.05) | 78% (< 0.05) | > 0.05 | 1 | 1.42 (1.03, 1.95) | NA | < 0.05 |
No | 6 | 1.73 (1.31, 2.3) | 82.4% (< 0.05) | 5 | 1.97 (1.32, 2.93) | 96.1 (< 0.05) | ||