Table 2 Prevalence of smoking in COVID-19 patients in the different meta-analysis studies (> 10 studies)
From: The controversial effect of smoking and nicotine in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Num | First author | Search history | Number of studies | Number of cases | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Biruk Beletew Abate | Between 1 January 2020 and 27 March 2020 | 57 studies (52 china, 1 UK, 1 Italy, 1 Africa, 1 Japan, 1 Korea) | 221,195 patients | A high prevalence of symptomatic COVID-19 was observed in men than women. One reason for the high prevalence of SARS-Cov-2 in men may be due to excessive cigarette and alcohol use in men. | [374] |
2 | Ashkan Baradaran | 7 April 2020 | 33 studies (32 China and 1 Taiwan) | 9,249 patients | The most prevalent finding in the confirmed patients with COVID-19 was hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, chronic pulmonary disease, malignancy and smoking of the patients. | [375] |
3 | Jesus González-Rubio | 28 April 2020 | 18 studies (15 China, 2 USA, and 1 Italy) | 7,671 patients | The percentage of hospitalized current smokers was significantly lower than the smoking prevalence in each country. | [376] |
4 | Konstantinos Farsalinos | 25 April 2020 | 30 studies (24 China, 4 USA, 1 South Korea, 1 Japan) | 6,515 patients | • Low current smoking prevalence among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. • Odds of adverse outcomes were greater in hospitalized current smokers in comparison with non-current smokers’ • Odds of adverse outcomes were lower in hospitalized current smokers in comparison with former smokers. | [377] |
5 | Konstantinos Farsalinos | 1 April 2020 | 13 studies (13 China) | 5,960 patients | There was a low current smoking prevalence among hospitalized COVID-19 patients compared with smoking prevalence in the general Chinese papulation. | [378] |
6 | Kunchok Dorjee | 31 August 2020 | 77 studies (35 China, 18 USA, 10 Europe, and 5 Asia) | 38,906 patients | Smoking and several diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease were higher prevalence among COVID-19 patients compared with the general USA population. | [379] |
7 | Francesco Del Sole | 28 May 2020 | 12 studies (11 China and 1 Netherland) | 2,794 patients | • Smoking, male gender and several diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, COPD, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension were related to severe disease. • Elevated level of some markers such as procalcitonin, D-Dimer and thrombocytopenia predicted severe of disease. | [380] |