Antihistamines
Antihistamines are a mainstay in treatment of allergic rhinitis. The first-generation or "older" antihistamines (e.g., chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine) are effective in reducing sneezing, itching, and rhinorrhea. They have untoward side effects, however, that are particularly notable in the elderly patient. The elderly eliminate both first-and second-generation antihistamines more slowly [8]. The well-known side effects of the first-generation antihistamines, sedation and decreased reaction time, are more pronounced in the elderly. The anticholinergic effects are drying of the mouth and eyes, blurred vision, urinary retention, and constipation. These drugs should therefore be used cautiously in older patients and should be avoided in patients with symptomatic prostatic hypertrophy, bladder neck obstruction, and narrow angle glaucoma.
The second-generation antihistamines (loratadine, cetirizine, fexofendaine, desloratadine and levoceterizine) are much better tolerated, with little or no sedative or anticholinergic effects. Because they are metabolized more slowly in the elderly, however, one should start with a lower dose in this age group [9].
Decongestants
Decongestants are α-adrenergic agonists that reduce nasal swelling, thus relieving congestion. The most commonly used agent is pseudoepherine. Central nervous system stimulation by these agents may result in anxiety, irritability, insomnia, and palpitations. These drugs may aggravate urinary retention in men and women with bladder neck obstruction. They should be used cautiously in the elderly and should be avoided in patients with poorly controlled hypertension, coronary artery disease, cerebral vascular disease, and bladder neck obstruction.
Anti-inflammatory nasal sprays
These agents may be useful in reducing sneezing, itching, congestion, and rhinorrhea and are extremely safe in the elderly. They can be divided into nonsteroidal agents (cromolyn, azelastine and olopatadine) and corticosteroids (beclomethasone, flunisolide, triamcinolone, budesonide, fluticasone and ciclesonide).
Leukotriene inhibitors
Montelukast has been approved in the United States for use in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Although there is no study on the long-term therapeutic experience with montelukast for use in the elderly, this drug is generally safe and well tolerated. Other available leukotriene inhibitors include zafirlukast and zileuton.
Environmental control
Reducing exposure to allergens and irritants is an important adjunct in treating patients with allergic and idiopathic rhinitis.
Immunotherapy
If environmental measures and appropriate medications are not helping the patient with allergic rhinitis, immunotherapy (allergy injections) can be instituted; they have been shown to be highly effective.
Non-allergic (idiopathic, vasomotor)
Idiopathic rhinitis refers to inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane unrelated to allergy, infection, structural lesions, or systemic disease. The term vasomotor rhinitis is frequently used, which implies that the cause in known; this is not the case, however, and therefore the preferred designation is idiopathic rhinitis [10].
The same approach to therapeutic management of allergic rhinitis applies to idiopathic rhinitis. The FDA has approved the use of intranasal azelastine for this condition.
Drug-induced rhinitis
Over 400 brand name drugs list rhinitis as a side effect. The elderly patient is frequently being treated for a variety of medical conditions with a number of medications that can result in untoward effects of the nose. It is well known the topical decongestants that downregulate α-adrenergic receptors on nasal vasculature can cause rebound vasodilation with overuse. Older patients are at particular risk because of preexisting thinning and dryness of the nasal mucosa.
A host of antihypertensive drugs, including central adrenergic blockers (clonidine), postganglionic adrenergic blockers (guanethidine), β-adrenergic blockers (propranolol), α-adrenergic blockers (prazosin), vasodilators (hydralazine), and diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide), may cause nasal obstruction. Conjugated estrogens may also increase nasal airway resistance.
Aspirin is a well-known trigger of bronchospasm in patients with nasal polyps and asthma (Aspirin Exacerbated Respiratory Disease) but it can also cause severe rhinitis in asthmatics with and without associated polyps. The mechanism of aspirin is believed to be a cyclooxygenase block that shifts arachidonic acid metabolism to the lipoxygenase pathway, with leukotriene generation resulting in immediate nasal symptoms of rhinorrhea and obstruction.
Psychotropic drugs and Viagra, drugs likely to be used by the elderly, have also been shown to result in rhinitis.
Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia (NARES)
NARES is characterized by eosinophil infiltration of nasal tissue. Symptoms consist of perennial nasal congestion and rhinorrhea. The response of intranasal corticosteroid is generally excellent.
Gustatory rhinitis
This condition consists of profuse rhinorrhea elicited by eating food, particularly highly seasoned foods. Cold air may also be a trigger. Anticholinergic drugs may be useful in reducing the rhinorrhea of gustatory rhinitis. Ipratropium bromide is now available in nasal spray form 0.03%, which has no systemic absorption, and as such is effective and safe.
Atrophic rhinitis
This condition of unknown cause is often seen in the elderly. Atrophy and crusting of the nasal mucous membrane occur with resorption of the underlying bone. The crusting may result in an unpleasant odor called ozena [11]. Primary atrophic rhinitis may be caused on rare occasions by organisms such as Klebsiella ozaenae. Secondary atrophic rhinitis may result from nasal surgery, particularly from turbinectomy performed for nasal congestion or the previously used procedure for chronic rhinosinusititis bilateral intranasal sphenoethmoidectomy [12].
Surgical treatment
Surgical reconstruction of the aging nose is aimed at reconstituting support for the nasal upper lateral cartilage and elevating the drooping nasal tip. Removal of turbinate mucosa should be avoided, especially when excessive dryness is already a factor [5].
Septoplasty with or without inferior turbinate reduction in patients 65 years or older with nasal septal deviation may be beneficial in this population [13].
